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How a Thermostat Works |
 Thermostats measure your home's ambient temperature and use that information to activate your furnace or your air conditioner, depending on the thermostat's setting.
There are two main types of residential thermostats: electromechanical and electronic. Electomechanical ones have some type of mechanical temperature sensing device—typically a bi-metal coil or strip. As the name suggests, this type is made from two connected metals. Changes in temperature cause these metals to expand and contract at different rates, causing the coil or strip to move. The bi-metal coil or strip is connected to a device that will complete an electrical circuit. In the case of Honeywell's electromechanical thermostats, a spiral bi-metal sensor attaches to a small glass vial that contains mercury; the coil's movement causes the vial to tilt one way or the other. Because one of the properties of mercury is that it conducts electricity, the circuit is completed when the mercury flows to one end of the vial where there are two separated electrical contacts.
A thermostat that operates both heating and cooling units has two contacts at each end of the vial. When the vial tilts one direction, the mercury flows to that end and completes a circuit that calls for heat. When the system is switched to the cooling cycle, the mercury flows to the other end of the vial to turn on the cooling.
Disposal of the small amount of mercury from this type has become an issue in recent years. Pilot programs are being tested in some states for recycling old mercury-containing thermostats by mail; Honeywell has been a very active player in these initiatives.
Some electromechanical thermostats, such as those made by GE, work similarly but complete the circuit with a magnetic snap reed switch.
Electronic thermostats utilize an electronic heat-sensing element and circuitry to sense temperature changes and turn on heating or cooling equipment. Like a small computer, they are programmable; their timers allow you to warm up your house before you get out of bed in the morning or come home after work and be set at different temperatures for different times of the day. This means you can closely align room temperatures with your needs, ensuring comfort without wasting energy.
If you have a mechanical thermostat, you might consider switching to a programmable electronic model. Look for thermostats that allow you to program daily cycles, weekly schedules, and override default settings.
Using a programmable thermostat, you can eliminate considerable wasted energy. As a rule of thumb, every degree you turn down a thermostat will save 3% of energy costs over a 24-hour period. In other words, if you turn down the temperature from 70 to 61 degrees for an 8-hour period every night, you can save about 9% on your bill. Reducing daytime usage similarly can double your savings.
Sophisticated zone-controlled home climate systems divide the house into several separate zones or areas that may each be controlled by separate settings and times on individual thermostats. With zone controls, thermostats open and close dampers, sending warm or cool air when and where needed.
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